#Definition of optimism serial

For example, optimism is related to hedonic indicators such as experienced positive affect ( Carver and Scheier, 1998), but also to eudaimonic measures like psychological well-being ( Scheier et al., 2001 Carver et al., 2005). By means of this test, a number of studies linked optimism to different well-being measures based on the hedonic and eudaimonic approaches ( Nes and Segerstrom, 2006). These two measures take into account the general expectations for the life events of a person throughout life. The model on which the scale was based considered both pessimism and optimism prospective measures. One of the measures most used to assess dispositional optimism is the Life Orientation Test developed by Scheier and Carver (1985). The concept of dispositional optimism differs conceptually and empirically from unrealistic optimism, which stems from the unjustified belief that a personal result will be more favorable than what objective signs indicate ( Shepperd et al., 2015).

Consequently, more and more scientific literature has been devoted to the understanding of how prospection allows us to set our objectives and actions and to organize our cognitive and affective processes ( Seligman et al., 2013).ĭispositional optimism is deemed one of the most relevant prospective constructs as it refers to the positive expectations we hold for the future and is related to our own motivational processes ( Carver and Scheier, 2014). Prospection (mental representation of possible future) is a mental activity that people constantly perform and a fundamental resource to build the present ( Gilbert and Wilson, 2007). Over the last years, there has been increasing interest in the implications of the prospective predictions of human beings ( Baumeister et al., 2016). Implications are discussed in terms of how prospective variables like dispositional optimism may lead to an increase in subjective well-being (SWB) through different affective and cognitive mechanisms.

#Definition of optimism serial

Finally, a third study comprising 371 secondary students (14.12, SD = 1.78) demonstrates the existence of a serial multiple mediation from gratitude and meaning in life over the relationship between optimism and life satisfaction. Results show a strong relationship between optimism and positive affect, but no mediating effect on life satisfaction. A second study is carried out with 1,356 university students (21.5, SD = 2.35) to demonstrate the mediating effect of positive affect on dispositional optimism and life satisfaction. A first study is conducted with 275 secondary students to assess the relationship between optimism and life satisfaction through self-control and grit (14.82, SD = 1.07), which indicates a mediating effect of grit but not of self-control. Additionally, we also seek to prove the mediating effect of different cognitive and affective variables associated with both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being on this relationship. This study aims to delve into the relation between dispositional optimism, one of the most relevant prospective constructs, and life satisfaction. Over the last years, understanding the implications of prospective thinking toward the future has become of increasing interest.

4Ministerio de Educación del Perú, Lima, Peru.

3Universidad Marcelino Champagnat, Lima, Peru.2Department of Psychology, Continental University, Huancayo, Peru.1Faculty of Education and Social Science, Andres Bello University, Santiago, Chile.Xavier Oriol 1*, Rafael Miranda 2, César Bazán 3 and Estefany Benavente 4